Delving into Teacher Stroke, Time Perspective and Creativity: Insights from EFL Students’ Perceptions

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.A. in Applied Linguistics, Department of English, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics, Department of English, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran

10.22077/ali.2025.8800.1080

Abstract

The present study, using a sequential mixed-methods design, mainly aims at determining the extent to which teacher stroke and teacher time perspective contribute to teacher creativity. In doing so, the participants consisted of 110 EFL students from English private institutes in the quantitative phase of the study, and a pool of eight learners were selected to participate in the qualitative phase of the study. A number of instruments were used to measure teacher stroke, time perspective and creativity. To analyze the data, the Pearson moment-to-moment correlation, multiple regression, content-based categorization, and inter-coder reliability were used. The results revealed that there was a statistically significant association between teacher stroke and teacher creativity as well as between teacher time perspective and teacher creativity. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression determined that teacher time perspective was the most possible predictor of teacher creativity since this variable provided the most robust contribution to explaining teacher creativity. The results elicited from the responses to the interviews with the students provided nine themes including: positive feelings, energizer, motivation, time management, involvement, fun, active participation, self-confidence, and trying something new. Finally, a number of practical implications are offered from EFL teachers and students and some further suggestions are made.

Keywords


Abbasian, M., & Modarresi, G. (2022). Tapping into software for oral communication: A comparative study of Adobe Connect and Skype. Journal of Business, Communication & Technology, 1(2), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2022.1204
Alasmari, N. J., & Althaqafi, S. A. (2021). Teachers’ practices of proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and the relationship to their self-efficacy. Language Teaching Research, 28(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211046351
Alipour, M., & Modarresi, Gh. (2024). Investment, teacher credibility and academic achievement: A mixed-methods study. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 21(3), 688-697. http://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2024.21.3.11.688
Baird, H. M., Webb, T. L., & Sirios, F. M. (2021). Understanding the effects of time perspective: A meta-analysis testing a self-regulatory framework. Psychological Bulletin, 147 (3), 233-267. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000313
Bergadaa, M. M. (1990). The role of time in the action of the consumer. The Journal of Consumer Research, 17(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1086/208558
Berne, E. (1964). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. New York: Grove Press.
Boyd, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2005). Time perspective, health and risk taking. Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah.
Brocato, J. (1989). How much does coming to class matter? Some evidence of class attendance and grade performance. Educational Research Quarterly.
Burnett, P. C., & Mandel, V. (2010). Praise and feedback in the primary classroom: Teachers’ and students’ perspectives. Australian Journal of Education and Developmental Psychology, 10, 145-154.
Burton, P. (2010). Creativity in Hong Kong schools. World Englishes, 29(4), 493-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2010.01677.x
Campbell, J. L., Quincy, Ch., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. K. (2013). Coding in-depth semi-structured interviews: Problems of unitization and inter-coder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113500475
Chang, M. L. (2009). An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21 (3), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9106-y
Chien, C, & Hui, AN. (2010). Creativity in early childhood education: Teachers’ perceptions in three Chinese societies. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5, 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2010.02.002
Christenson, S. L. & Reschly, A. L. (2010). Check and Connect: Enhancing school completion through student engagement. In E. Doll, & J. Charvat (Eds.), Handbook of prevention science (pp. 327-348). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9-5
Churches, R., & Terry, R. (2007). NLP for teachers: How to be a highly effective teacher. Crown House Publishing.
Clemens, J. K., & Dalrymple, S. (2005). Time mastery: How temporal intelligence will make you a stronger, more effective leader. New York: Amacom Books.
Craft, A. (2001). An analysis of research and literature on creativity in education. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority51(2), 1-37.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Doyle, A., & Francis-Smythe, J. (2008). Development of the temporal intelligence questionnaire. Paper presented at the British Academy of Management Annual Conference, Harrogate.
Ebrahimi, S., Tabatabaeian, M. S., & Al Abdwani, T. (2022). Enhancing the communicative skills of normal and mentally-challenged learners through emo-sensory textbooks. Journal of Business, Communication and Technology, 1(2), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56632/bct.2022.1201
Fisher, R. (2004). What is creativity? In R. Fisher & M. Williams (Eds.), Unlocking creativity: Teaching across the curriculum (pp. 6-20). New York: Routledge.
Francis, D., & Woodcock, M. (1996). The new unblocked manager: A practical guide to self-development. Gower Publishing, Ltd.
Francis-Smythe, J., & Robertson, I. (1999). Time-related individual differences. Time & Society, 8(2), 273-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X99008002004
Frenzel, A. C. (2014). Teacher emotions. In L. Linnenbrink-Garcia & R. Pekrun (Eds.), Handbook of emotions in education (pp. 494-519). New York: Routledge.
Frenzel, A. C., & Stephens, E. J. (2013). Emotions. In N. C. Hall & T. Goetz (Eds.), Emotion, motivation, and self-regulation: A handbook for teachers (pp. 1-56). Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Fried, L., Mansfield, C., & Dobozy, E. (2015). Teacher emotion research: Introducing a conceptual model to guide future research.  Issues in Educational Research, 25(4), 415-441. https://doi.org/34584161
Friedman, P., Rodriguez, F., & McComb, J. (2001). Why students do and do not attend classes: Myths and realities. College teaching49(4), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2001.10844593
Gump, S. E. (2004). Keep students coming by keeping them interested: Motivators for class attendance. College Student Journal38, 157-160.
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77, 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3102/003465430298487
Heiran, A. & Navidinia, H. (2015). Private and public EFL teachers’ level of burnout and its relationship with their emotional intelligence: A comparative study. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 3(3), 01-10.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve. New York: Free Press.
Hunt, E. (1995). The role intelligence in modern society. American Scientist, 83(1), 356-369.
Jalilzadeh, K., Modarresi, Gh., & Rouhani, H. (2020). A Comparative study of instruction types and reading comprehension for young learners. In H. H. Uysal (Ed.), Political, pedagogical and research insight into early language education (123-132). Cambridge Publishing Press.
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2012). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Jones, R. (Ed.). (2012). Discourse and creativity. Harlow: Pearson.
Karwowski, M., Gralewski. J., Lebuda, I., & Wisniewska, E. (2007). Creative teaching of creativity teachers: Polish perspective. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 2, 57-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSC.2006.10.004
Keller, M. M., Chang, M.-L., Becker, E. S., Goetz, T., & Frenzel, A. C. (2014). Teachers’ emotional experiences and exhaustion as predictors of emotional labor in the classroom: An experience sampling study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01442
Khorsand, M., & Modarresi, Gh. (2023). The relationship between teachers’ emotions, strokes and academic achievement: the case of BA English-major students. Language and Translation Studies, 56(2), 71-107. https://doi.org/10.22067/lts.2023.81620.1179.
Kirkland, T., & Cunningham, W. A. (2012). Mapping emotions through time: how affective trajectories inform the language of emotion. Emotion, 12(2), 268-282. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024218
Krause, K. (2014). Male beauty: postwar masculinity in theater, film, and physique magazines. Suny Press.
Kusluvan, S. (2003). Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and hospitality industry. New York: Nova Publishers.
Levine, R. (1997). A geography of time: The temporal misadventures of a social psychologist. New York: Basic Books.
Li, Y., & Lerner, R. M. (2011). Trajectories of school engagement during adolescence: Implications for grades, depression, delinquency, and substance use. Developmental Psychology, 47, 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021307
Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners’ unwillingness to communicate and foreign language anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 92, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x
Maley, A. (1997). Creativity with a small ‘c’. The Journal of the Imagination in Language Learning and Teaching, 4, 1-11.
McDonald, M., & Zeichner, K. M. (2008). Social justice teacher education. In Ayers W., Quinn T., Stovall D. (Eds.), Handbook of social justice in education (pp. 595-610). Routledge.
Meidani, E.N., Pishghadam, R. & Shakeebaee, G. (2021). The role of time perspectives in language teachers’ burnout. Current Psychology, 40, 5145-5155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00456-x
Mercer, S., & Dörnyei, Z. (2020). Engaging language learners in contemporary classrooms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Modarresi, G., & Jeddy, A. (2018). The association between dynamic assessment of grammar and fluid intelligence: A case of undergraduate EFL students. International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 297-321. https://doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2018.3881.
Modarresi, Gh., Jalilzadeh, K., Coombe, K., & Nooshab, A. (2021). Validating a test to measure translation teachers’ assessment literacy. The Journal of Asia TEFL, 18(4), 1503-1511. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2021.18.4.31.1503
Mohammadi, J., & Modarresi, Gh. (2023). Conceptions of intelligence, teaching motivation and teacher creativity: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Cognition, Emotion & Education, 1(2), 47-58. https://doi.org/ 10.22034/cee.2023.174746
Naji Meidani, E., Pishghadam, R., & Shakeebaee. G. (2019). The role of time perspectives in Language Teachers’ Burnout. Current Psychology. Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00456-x
Navidinia, H., Gholizadeh, F. Z., & Chahkandi, F. (2023). EFL teachers’ burnout during the Covid-19 pandemic: Can teaching context make a difference? Applied Linguistics Inquiry, 1(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.22077/ali.2023.6087.1010
Navidinia, H., Zangooei, A., & Ghazanfari, M. (2015). Uncovering the relationship between EFL teachers’ big five personality traits and their self-concept. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 7(2), 177-204.
Noorbakhsh, Z., Pishghadam, R., & Saboori, F. (2018). Stroke and gender identity in teacher success: From learners’ viewpoints. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 41(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v41i1.7591
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pishghadam R. (2011). Introducing Applied ELT as a new approach in second/foreign language studies. Iranian EFL Journal, 7(2), 8-14.
Pishghadam R., & Farkhondehfal, E. (2017). From navazesh (physical strokes) to navazeh (mental strokes): A look into the concept of stroking in teaching a second language. Language and Translation Studies, 49(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.22067/lts.v49i4.62725
Pishghadam, R., & Derakhshan, A., Zhaleh, K., & Al-Obaydi, L. (2021). Students’ willingness to attend EFL classes with respect to teachers’ credibility, stroke, and success: A cross-cultural study of Iranian and Iraqi students’ perceptions. Current Psychology, 40, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01738-z
Pishghadam, R., & Khajavy, G. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Student Stroke Scale and examining its relation with academic motivation. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 43, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2014.03.004
Pishghadam, R., Baghaei, P., & Shayesteh, Sh. (2012). Construction and validation of an English language teacher creativity scale (ELT-CS). Journal of American Science, 8(3), 497-508.
Pishghadam, R., Derakhshan, A., & Zhaleh, K. (2019). The interplay of teacher success, credibility, and stroke with respect to students’ willingness to attend classes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 50(4), 284-292. https://doi.org/0.24425/ppb.2019.131001
Pishghadam, R., Derakhshan, A., Zaleh, K., & Al-Obaydi, L. H. (2023). Students’ willingness to attend EFL classes with respect to teachers’ credibility, stroke, and success: A cross-cultural study of Iranian and Iraqi students’ perceptions. Current Psychology, 42, 4065-4079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01738-z
Pishghadam, R., Ebrahimi, S., & Al Abdwani, T. (2023). Development and validation of the teacher energy scale: A movement toward metapathy. Language and Translation Studies56(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.22067/lts.2022.78969.1160.
Rahimi, M., & Modarresi, G. (2023). Teacher emotions, energy, and time perspective in teacher success: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Cognition, Emotion, & Education, 2(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.22034/cee.2023.412453.1010
Rathel, J. M., Drasgow, E., Brown, W. H., & Marshall, K. J. (2014). Increasing induction-level teachers’ positive-to-negative communication ratio and use of behavior-specific praise through e-mailed performance feedback and its effect on students’ task engagement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions16(4), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300713492856
Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. The Phi delta kappan42(7), 305-310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20342603
Richards, J. C. (2013). Creativity in language teaching. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(3), 19-43.
Rouhani, H., & Modarresi, Gh. (2023). The role of translation-based, meaning-based, and hint-based instructions in vocabulary acquisition: A mixed-methods study. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 15(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.22111/ijals.2023.38276.2156.
Schutz, P. A., & Pekrun, R. (2007). Introduction to emotion in education. In P. A. Schutz & R. Pekrun (Eds.), Emotion in education: A volume in educational psychology (pp. 3-10). Academic Press, Elsevier Inc.
Stewart, I., & Joines, V. (1987). TA today: A new introduction to transactional analysis. Nottingham: Life space.
Stolarski, M., Bitner, J., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2011). Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time & Society20(3), 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X11414296
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Tavakoli, M., Zabihi, R. & Ghadiri, M. Response, resistance, or restraint: A triadic model of pre-service teachers’ perceptions on the (f)utility of educational therapy and life skills education in ELT. Asia-Pacific Educational Research, 26, 341–349 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-017-0353-2
Wang, M.T., & Fredricks, J. A. (2014). The reciprocal links between school engagement, youth problem behaviors, and school dropout during adolescence. Child Development, 85, 722–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12138
Wright, M. R., Ellis, D. N., & Baxter, A. (2012). The effect of immediate or delayed video-based teacher self-evaluation on Head Start teachers’ use of praise. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 26, 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2012.657745
Zargaran, Z. (2024). Predicative role of metacognitive awareness in teachers’ cognition on noticing concept. Applied Linguistics Inquiry, 2(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.22077/ali.2024.7455.1034
Zhang, J. W., & Howell, R. T. (2011). Do time perspectives predict unique variance in life satisfaction beyond personality traits? Personality and individual differences50(8), 1261-1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.021
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Stolarski, M. (2013). Comparing three methods to measure a balanced time perspective: The relationship between a balanced time perspective and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness studies14(1), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9322-x
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2015). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. In M. Stolarski, N. Fieulaine, & W. Van Beek (Eds.), Time perspective theory; review, research and application (pp. 17-55). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07368-2-2
Volume 2, Issue 2
September 2024
Pages 135-147
  • Receive Date: 21 April 2024
  • Revise Date: 31 July 2024
  • Accept Date: 10 August 2024