Politeness Strategies Used in the Correspondence of L1 and L2 User Interpol Police Officers

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

2 M.A. in Applied Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22077/ali.2025.8841.1085

Abstract

The dynamic world of international policing necessitates seamless communication between officers from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Interpol, the world's largest international police organization, exemplifies this environment. Understanding how politeness strategies are employed within this context is crucial for fostering effective collaboration and information exchange. Due to this significance, the present study investigated the politeness strategies used in emails of L1 and L2 user English-speaking police officers of Interpol. To this end, 100 emails composed by L1 and L2 police officers were obtained from the Interpol office in Tehran, Iran, and the frequency of politeness strategies was calculated by two professional raters. The Chi-square test did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the overall application of politeness strategies between L1 and L2 officers. However, the analysis of individual strategies highlighted some clear variations in usage patterns: L1 user officers employed more politeness strategies than their L2 user counterparts. In addition, the findings revealed that both groups used negative politeness strategies more often than positive strategies. The findings of this study can help police training centers develop a better scope on what structures to focus on in their lesson plans to make their cadets ready to work in the international arena.

Keywords


Ahmadi, R. & Weisi, H. (2023). Grand strategy of politeness in new social networks: revisiting Leech’s politeness theory among Iranian EFL learners using Telegram. Journal of Politeness Research19(2), 415-438. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2022-0003
AlAfnan, M. A. (2014). Politeness in business writing: The effects of ethnicity and relating factors on email communication. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4, 275-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.42022
Andersson, M. (2024). E-mpoliteness – creative impoliteness as an expression of digital social capital. Journal of Politeness Research20(2), 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2022-0009
Brown, L. & Kim, S. (2025). Intercultural Im/politeness: perceptions of language choice and translanguaging in the Korean community in Australia. Journal of Politeness Research21(1), 193-220. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2023-0079
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Cao, J. (2024). Prosody influence on (im)politeness perception in Chinese-German intercultural communication. Journal of Politeness Research20(2), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2022-0043
Farinde, R. O., Olajuyigbe, O. A., & Matthew, A. (2015). Discourse control strategies in police-suspect interrogation in Nigeria. International Journal of English Linguistics,5(1), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v5n1p146
Goldsmith, D., & Macgeorge, E. (2000). The impact of politeness and relationship on perceived quality of advice about a problem. Human Communication Research, 26(2), 234-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00757.x
Goudarzi, E., Ghonsooly, B., & Taghipour, Z. (2015). Politeness strategies in English business letters: A comparative study of native and non-native speakers of English. Psychology of Language and Communication, 19(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/plc-2015-0004
Guodong, L. & Jing, H. (2005). A contrastive study on disagreement strategies for politeness between American English & Mandarin Chinese. Asian EFL Journal7(1), 1-12.
Hodeib, C. (2024). Conceptualizations and evaluations of (im)politeness in Syrian Arabic. Journal of Politeness Research20(2), 297-318. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2020-0016
Janney, R. W. & Arndt, H. (1993). Universality and relativity in cross-cultural politeness Japanese. Multilingua, 8(2), 207–221.
 Jansen, F., & Janssen, D. (2010). Effects of positive politeness strategies in business letters. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(9), 2531-2548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.013
Kasper, G. (1994). Politeness. In R. E. Asher & J. M. Y. Simpson (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of linguistic politeness (pp. 223–248). Multilingua.
Kaur, J. (2023). (Mis/non) understanding in intercultural interactions. In I. Kecskes (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of intercultural pragmatics (pp. 164-187). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108884303
Lakoff, R. (1975). Linguistic theory and the real world. Language Learning, 25(2), 309-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00249.x
Leech, G. N. (1980). Explorations in semantics and pragmatics. Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pb.i.5
Maier, P. (1992). Politeness strategies in business letters by native and non-native English speakers. English for Specific Purposes, 11(3), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(05)80009-2
Mekonnen, Y. K. (2018). The importance of English communication skills for Ethiopian military observers and police officers in international peacekeeping missions. Communication and Linguistics Studies, 4(4), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20180404.11
Mohammad Hosseinpur, R. & Mosavy, Z. (2019). Gratitude speech act on Instagram: The emergence of a particular genre of language? Language Horizons, 3(1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.22051/lghor.2019.26470.1133
Mohammad Hosseinpur, R., & Mosavy, Z. (2021). Politeness on Instagram: The employment of gratitude speech act by male and female English and Persian users. Research in English Language Pedagogy, 9(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.30486/relp.2020.1897275.1197
Mugford, G. (2022). Towards a new pedagogy for teaching foreign language politeness: Halliday’s model and approaches to politeness. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003326052
Nickerson, C. (1999). The use of politeness strategies in business letters written by native speakers of English. Discourse in Professional Contexts, 127-142
O’Driscoll, J. & Haugh, M. (2024). 20 years (further) on: whither politeness studies now? Opening up the binaries. Journal of Politeness Research20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2023-0085
Pilegaard, M. (1997). Politeness in written business discourse: A text linguistic perspective on requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 28(2), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(96)00084-7
Rasmussen, S. L. (2010). To define and inform an analysis of information provided in dictionaries used by learners of English in China and Denmark. Cambridge Scholars.
Rattanapian, S. (2015). Politeness and miscommunications in service encounters at tourist police centers in Thailand (Doctoral dissertation). Thammasat University, Thailand.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. W. (2013). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Rutledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833835
Shams, M. R. (1997). Gender, socioeconomic status, and politeness strategies. (Unpublished master's thesis). Esfahan: Esfahan University.
Shehadeh, M. (2017). Politeness strategies of the provisional agreement document. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 8(1), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.1p.227
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2023). Politeness and rapport management. In I. Kecskes (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of intercultural pragmatics (pp. 484-509). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108884303
Wagner, L. C. (2004). Positive and negative politeness strategies: Apologizing in the speech community of Cuernavaca, Mexico. Intercultural Communication Studies, 13, 19-28.
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615184
Whaley, B. B., & Samter, W. (2007). Explaining communication: contemporary theories and exemplars. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.